1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
/ 5  
    
(   -)
  : 3   :100
:     -     ,            
       
-
1.                ,    
           
2.        :
(i)   
(ii)   
(iii)   I    II 
(iv)    
-
3.   -           
Translated from English to Punjabi - www.onlinedoctranslator.com
2
Easy2Siksha
4. x² (-)        ,  
    
-
5.           180      :



1
2
3
4
5

  
25
35
40
22
32
180
6. 8  7            :
 A: 9 11 13 11 15 9 12 14
 : 10 12 10 14 9 8 10
               5%  '  
-
7.     ?        '    
         
8.     3                 :
3
Easy2Siksha
 
 
. . . 
1
200 230 250 300
2
190 270 300 270
3
240 150 145 180
            ?
4
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
/ 5  
    
(   -)
  : 3   :100
:     -     ,            
       
-
1.                ,    
           
:         
  ,       
      
         ,      
            
1.       :            
          
    
     ,       

2.  : 
         ,   
 ,      ,      
 
 ,  
         ,  
   ()            
         
5
Easy2Siksha
       
            
  :
1. 
     , ,        , 
              
      
 ,    
 ,  
        ,    
        ,      
2. 
  
      ,       
                
     
       
 , 
         
 ,          ,   
       
         
   
3.  
     ,       ,    
       ,    
  ,   
            
     

   , 
    
 ,             

    ,           
4. 
               
                
   
  
 ,           , 
 
   
    
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Easy2Siksha
5. - 
  ,      -   
(MVUE)          
      
      
6. 
          
,  
            
  ,   ' -       
           
       :   -x     μ\
       
       
        
,      ,  
       
      :       
   ,  
1/n ( n   )    
    ,          
, 
      1/(n−1)    
        -
 ,        -    
      ,           
  -    (MSE)     ,     
     MSE           :
MSE =  +( )2
 MSE     ,         
 , -
,            MSE 
 ,      
 
        
             
        :
1.   :           
        
2.   :      '    ,   ,
           
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Easy2Siksha
    '           
    

 ,           
,            , ,
,              
                
     -  ,   ' -
         
2.        :
(i)   
:"   "      ,   
     
        
            ,      
              
 
  , 
  '           '
          
,     
       ,  
        

      ,         
,
       
  
,   
        :
  I :       ( )
 II :    ( )    

     II              
                  , 
                ,  
       
8
Easy2Siksha
  
 
      
        
         ,     ,     
     ,   
       
  
             
,            ,   
        
        
1.   :      ,      
     '           
  
     
    
       
2.    :             
     
  
       
     ,     '       

3.   ( ):     
       
    '     ',   (α\alphaα 
 ) 0.05 '    ,    I    5%
   
    ,  
 I   

 ,          
 
 
      
4.  :           
   -        ,    
     
  
    ,         
      
           
    ' 80% '    ,    100  80   
       
  
 ,  
 
     
      ,      
   
  ,      
   I    II 
 ,  I   II    -    (α\alphaα)
   I    
     II    
 ,
9
Easy2Siksha
            
    

                 
             ,   , 
        -      
     ,    
   
              
                  
 
(ii)   
:       ,       
             ,
,           '   ,
               

   :
    ?
         
      
      ,       :
   (H₀):          
,  
    
  
  (H₁):          ,  
      
     (  -  z-)      
              
  
 ,  
          
      
    ?
1.    (α)  :    ,    (  '
α    )           
          0.05 (5%)  0.01 (1%) 
10
Easy2Siksha
2.       :       ',   
         
   ,  z-
,  α = 0.05 ,    1.96  -1.96 ( -   )  
      -    
3.      :         
  (  z  t), 
         
     
  ( ,  z-  1.96   
 ), 
          

 , 

        
     
?
  ,   ,       
                ' 
   ,           
 
      ,  :
      
 ,      
  '         
            
 , 
   
      
 ,         
  '    ,      
   
  
           
            
  
        :
1.     :
o    (H₀):       
  

o   (H₁):      
       
2.    :   
α = 0.05  ,   
 
      5%      
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3.      :      ', 
   
( , z = ±1.96 -   )        
 ±1.96   ,  
    
4.         : 
 
 ,
     ,         
     2.1 
5.  :
 2.1 1.96      , 
    
           ' 
 '    
     
    '   (α)   ,     I   
 
  (          )
             
   
 ,  
    
      '           ( 
      )  -  (      )

    ,      '    
      ,  ,  
     ,        
            
      ,   -   
      
 
(iii)   I    II 
: I   II      ,   '  
          '      
              
    
      - 
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 I   II      ,    
        ,      
    ,  
   
 :
1.    ():           

 ,  
 
     ,     
   
       

2.   (H₁   Ha):     .    ,
       
     
        , 
       
                 ,
 
, 
 
 '   ,       , 
      I   II    
  I   ?
  I      
        
        ,            
 

  I    
               
  
     (H₀)       
,   
 (H₁)                 
      ,  ,  
,    I  
        , ",     ,"    

  ,   
,  
     .
  I   - 
  ,   I       :
 :         
    :    '    
 :   '    ,       
    I 
 , 
 I          
   (α    )         I 
   
  α    0.05  0.01  ,     
         5%  1%   
13
Easy2Siksha
  α ( 0.01)  , 
  I     
 ,  
  II  (  
  )     
 
  II   ?
  II      
     
          ,        

 ,  ,   
  II    
      ,   II        
  (     ),        

       , "
,    
,"    
 
  II   - 
  II      I         :
 :           
    :  
  :  '      
      
    

     II   
 II     β ()         , 
    '        , 1 - β    
      II       
           
          ,  , 
             II   
  
  I    II     
  I   II     :
 

  
 
 I

     
 
        
 
 ( )
14
Easy2Siksha
 

  
 
 II

    
     
    ( )
   ,     ,   '    
 ,   ,   I      
   
          ,    , 
 II        
        
   I    II 
      ,   I   II  
               
 
   ,  
 I      
  ( α = 0.01)   ,  
       
,    II      
             
   :
  :     I   II    

  (α):α   I    
    II
 
 
   (1 - β):      II    
    I    
 I   II    
      ,          
   
1.   I  (   ):     
  ()         ,  
   
2.  II  (   ):     
 ()      ,     
 
  ,   -  ,      
 ,          
 
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Easy2Siksha
     
  :     ,   I   
     
        
,
         ,   II  
   
          
       
  :   ( I )   '   
   ,     ( II )     
  
 

 I   II       ,     
       I      
   
     ,          , 
 II      
       
 ,            
   ,       ,      
      
(iv)    
:  " "  " "     
                
     :
   (H0)  ?
    
            
  

            
,                  ,  
      
  ,     
     ,    
        '   

  ,        , "   
  "
        
 .
    (H1)  ?
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Easy2Siksha
 ,              
                ,  
       
,      
      ,         '
     
  ,    , "   ,"  "   "
    
?
               
               '  
            
           
     
1.   :        

2.   : , ,      
3.   :             
           
4.   :     ',      
  (     )     
    (         
)
    
             
            
    
, "     '   
."  
 , "    
 "
          ,    
            '   

       
 ,    
   ,       
    
         :
17
Easy2Siksha
1.   I  (   ):        
            ',  
    

       ,        
      

2.  II  (   ):        
 ,       ,       
    ,         
 .
   P-
                '
     p-      ,     
            p- (  ' 0.05 
)                
,   p-            

 ,            
                   
                 
    ,        
 
         
-
3.   -           
:  -       
  -      ,   '   
     ,          
  ""             
       
  -    :
  -             
                 
  :
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:
\bar{x}xˉ   ,
μ\muμ     ,
sss    , 
nnn    
-  -    ,            
   ,              
      -   
  -     :
1.     :-   '      
       (  ' 30  )       ,
 -      ,   z-     
2.    : -      (df)  
 ,   -  -    n−1n - 1n−1     
  ,      ,      
   -     ,      
3.    :   , -          
         ,     
  ,      
4.      :-          '
  ,          ,    
,         ,        
       
5. - -      :- -   
   
 :
o - -:          -
       '  
o - -:        
o  -:            (,
     )       
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              
  '  
6.       : -         
             
(   z- )     , -     
 ,  -      
 
7.    :-          
       -       z-
        ,   '      
               
     
8.     
: -     , -   
          
,    ,  
           
9. - :-   ' -     
 :
o  ,             
           
o  ,      '      
    
o  ,          
        
   :
-          '    
     ,          
 -       
 ,   ' ,
      ,        

  ,  -      ,    
              '  ,
        ,       
  ,       '      
      
20
Easy2Siksha
4. x² (-)        ,  
    
:- (χ²)       ,    
               
                , 
 , ,      ,       
- (χ²)    
-    '     "  " (k)  
    k       XXX    
 (PDF)     :
:
xxx      
     ,
kkk    
  (    '    
 ),
Γ\GammaΓ    (        
     '   )
-    '            ' 
    ,             
     
-     
1. 
-    (  )   '     
    k     -  ,    :
μ=k
 
   -     , -    
 
2. 
,         ,     :
 = 2k
21
Easy2Siksha
 ,      ,       
   
     -    
3. 
-   ,     PDF      ,     
  :
=k−2
,         k>2k >.  k=2,  0 '  ,   k<2k, 
 
, 
            
 
4.   
-    
            :
  =
      ,       ,  
  ""  ,    :
  k  ,     ,     ()    
 
-   
    (k = 1  2) , -    -  , 
       -     ,   
              ,  k     (30 
 ), -          
-    
-          '   :
 - :           
             -
     
   :-        
    ,  ,         
     
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,  ,    
-        ,          
 ',   k     -    k/2k/2k/2  
 2                , 
    :
:  -     E(X)        , 
 k 
 : -           , 2k 
:,     - ,    PDF     
 ,  k>2
 k−2 

-         ,   '    
             
      ,  -     , 
              , , 
   '       ,       
         
 
            , 
 
     ,     -   
  
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Easy2Siksha
-
5.           180      :



1
2
3
4
5

  
25
35
40
22
32
180
:   
         180    ,   
   (  1  6)       :
    
1
2
3
4
5
6

  
25
35
40
22
32
26
180
   :
 1 25  
 2 35  
 3 40  
 4 22  
 5 32  
 6 26  
:          ,      
 '     
-- 
1.     :       ,    1  6   
 
  ,           
   180          ',  
 ,       -    ,  -
  ,    
2.     :  ,    :
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Easy2Siksha
o        1/6     
o  
 180   ,  
      
180 = 30   
6
3.               :  
    30 
   :
o  1:  = 25,  = 30
o  2:  = 35,  = 30
o  3:  = 40,  = 30
o  4:  = 22,  = 30
o  5:  = 32,  = 30
o  6:  = 26,  = 30
         (  2  3),    
    ( 1  4)       ,   
  
 :      ,      ?
4.     - :          
   
,     -      
  ( 
    )     ( 
 
 
  )    
o -    :
:
OiO =      i
EiE =     i
    
       (   1
 6 )
o     -    :
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
  (O)
  ()
( - )
(O - E)^2
(O - E)^2 / E
1
25
30
-5
25
0.83
2
35
30
5
25
0.83
3
40
30
10
100
3.33
4
22
30
-8
64
2.13
5
32
30
2
4
0.13
6
26
30
-4
16
0.53

7.78
o   -  7.78 
o , 
    -     
      (df)   
−1=6−1=5\text{  } - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5  −1=6−1=5
0.05    , 5    -    11.07 

 7.78 11.07   , 
   
      
    '   '  ,       
5.    '  :-    ', 
     
            
-
         
    :  
,        "    "    
        , ,     
  ,    , ,     - 
 
1.        : ,     -
 '     ,    (NAS)   
   (ASER)         
                
     
           
 ,            
    
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2.    :
o  - , - ,    (
  )           
     ,      
      ,        
     ,       ?
          
o    ,        
 ,   
     ,  
 
             
    
3.    - :
o            
-        ,    
           
     
o  ,   (    ,   
)      ,     (
       )       
 -            
   '      
4.      '    :
o   STEM (, , ,  )  '
   ,          
 ,  ,    
 -       
o            
         
5.       -   :
o  ,       ,   
  ,          
  -  '  
o   ,         
        -    
,           
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o       () 
         
   ,         
6.       :
o   ,       
    -      , 
       -    
         
o         
-          

 ,  -    ,     
  
            
       ,       
   -        ,  
-              
-  '           -
         ,   
               

6. 8  7            :
 A: 9 11 13 11 15 9 12 14
 : 10 12 10 14 9 8 10
               5%  '  
:        (   )    
  5%  '  ,         
       - -      
                '  
 1:   
      :
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 A:9, 11, 13, 11, 15, 9, 12, 14
 B:10, 12, 10, 14, 9, 8, 10
        -   -  
   
      A     ( )  B     
  
 2:    
 ,  
      ,  
   
  :
1.    (H₀):           

.   ', 
     :
 3:   
  ,              
 , 
  5%       (α=0.05\alpha = 0.05α=0.05) 
    p- (   ) 0.05   ,  
 
           
 4:         
-            
 A :
 A      ,  A         
  (   8)
 = 9+11+13+11+15+9+12+14 = 94 = 11.75
8 8
  :
  ,        
  = 10+12+10+14+9+8+10 = 73 = 10.43
7 7
 5:         
                
           , 
 
    :
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Easy2Siksha
:
Xi =      ,
ˉ=    ,
N=      
 A :
1.  A      A (11.75)   
o (9 - 11.75) = -2.75
o (11 - 11.75) = -0.75
o (13 - 11.75) = 1.25
o (11 - 11.75) = -0.75
o (15 - 11.75) = 3.25
o (9 - 11.75) = -2.75
o (12 - 11.75) = 0.25
o (14 - 11.75) = 2.25
2.        
o (-2.75)^2 = 7.5625
o (-0.75)^2 = 0.5625
o (1.25)^2 = 1.5625
o (-0.75)^2 = 0.5625
o (3.25)^2 = 10.5625
o (-2.75)^2 = 7.5625
o (0.25)^2 = 0.0625
o (2.25)^2 = 5.0625
3.         
7.5625+0.5625+1.5625+0.5625+10.5625+7.5625+0.0625+5.0625=33.5
    1   (
  A  8  , 7   )
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Easy2Siksha
 B :
1.         (10.43)   
o (10 - 10.43) = -0.43
o (12 - 10.43) = 1.57
o (10 - 10.43) = -0.43
o (14 - 10.43) = 3.57
o (9 - 10.43) = -1.43
o (8 - 10.43) = -2.43
o (10 - 10.43) = -0.43
2.        
o (-0.43)^2 = 0.1849
o (1.57)^2 = 2.4649
o (-0.43)^2 = 0.1849
o (3.57)^2 = 12.7449
o (-1.43)^2 = 2.0449
o (-2.43)^2 = 5.9049
o (-0.43)^2 = 0.1849
3.         
0.1849+2.4649+0.1849+12.7449+2.0449+5.9049+0.1849=23.73
    1    (
  B  7  , 6  
)
 6:       (-)
          , 
  - -
       -     :
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Easy2Siksha
:
xˉA  xˉB\bar  A   B   ,
s2A s2B  A   B   ,
nA  nB  A   B     
    :
 ,      :
,   :
0.59875+0.56571=1.16446
  :
1.16446=1.079
, -   :
 7:      -  
      -  , 
   -   
         (df)     (5%) ' 
 
  - -           :
13      5%   ' -   ,    
 2.160 
 8: 
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Easy2Siksha

   - (1.223)   (2.160)   , 
  
         5%    '     
     

     :

     ( A   )   ()    
     '  
-            , 
 
      5%  '  

    ,       ',      
    '  
           '  , -  
 '     ,       ,  ,  
-    
-
7.     ?        '    
         
: 1.  (ANOVA)    ?
          ( )     
                  
      : "      ,    
   ?"
 :   
  ,        -
     
           
. 
    
 ,     ,    
     ANOVA           
          '  
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2.    
?
ANOVA     :
               
          
ANOVA  ,  
         ,  
 
 
      ANOVA       
    
3.     ?
ANOVA              
  :
 -  : -     
    :   
       , ANOVA       
      '  
4.       
ANOVA     ,        
     :
a  
              , 
        ,  -   
 
  
:     '  
 ,  ANOVA   

  ,    ,        '  
.    ()
        (  )      
  
:       ,  ANOVA   
           (   )  
c.    
                 
          
  
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  
:     
,   ANOVA  
   ,  
         , 
        ,      
5.    
ANOVA     ,    '     
  
     :
a - 
              ( )   
      
           
    
 :    
  ' -  (, ,  )
     ,     ,  
 -   
      
-   :
1.    :
o    (H0):      
 ( ,
         ).
o   (H1):-        
( ,      )
2. F-     : ANOVA F-     ,     -
       F-     
     
3.     : F-     (     
 '      )   ,  
 
  ,   -    
. - 
 -  ANOVA       ( )    
   '         
 :   
  '  (, , )  
(, , )             :   ,
 
           
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-           :
  (  )     ' 
          ( ,      -
          '  

 )
6. -  -    

- 
-  
 

    
    
 
    
  ?
     
 ?     
 ?

3 -  (  =
 )   
     

  (3 )  
 (, ) (  = 
  )   '   
  

     
      

7.     
 
ANOVA  ,     p-    F-     

F--  -        F- 
         
p-      F-    p <0.05, 
 
               
8. -  
 ANOVA    
 ,     
    
      ,  -         
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  ()              

9.       
 :
1.        :ANOVA         
,  -          
2.   
:        , ANOVA   
       
3.       :   , ,   
       '   
 :
1.         : ,   ,
           
 , 
    
2.    
     :ANOVA      
     ,        ,  -
  
10. 
  , ANOVA            
                
   -               
  
           
- ANOVA                
       
ANOVA      '   ,     
 ,              
       ,         - 
     
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8.     3                 :
 
 
. . . 
1
200 230 250 300
2
190 270 300 270
3
240 150 145 180
            ?
:          (A, B, C, D)    
     , 
         
  (ANOVA)              
       '  
ANOVA       
 1:   
  (H₀):           
  (H₁):   -       

 2:   
      :
 

 
 
 
1
200
230
250
300
2
190
270
300
270
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Easy2Siksha
 

 
 
 
3
240
150
145
180
 3:    
ANOVA   (  )        
       
1.     :     -     
    
2.     :         
       

               
  :
     (SSB):    -     
(SSW)     : -        
    (SST):     
        , 
F-     ,   SSB  SSW 
   F-    5%   '  F-     
   
 4:    
   F-      ,  
    , 

             
               
',       5%    '    ,  
 
    F-             

  ,     ANOVA         F- 
    , 
    -       
   F-   ,  
         
  

:       Ai      ( )       
        , 
  '         